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When Can You Use Trademark Symbols?

December 29, 2021/in Intellectual Property /by taulersmith

There are three main symbols to indicate trademark rights: TM, SM, and ®. These symbols often appear as subscript or superscript in a product or service’s marketing materials. If you use one of these symbols, it will indicate that you are claiming trademark ownership. This doesn’t automatically establish your trademark rights since the claim may still need to be litigated in the event of a dispute, but placing a trademark symbol near the relevant word, phrase, logo, or design can still serve as a strong deterrent to any competitors who might want to violate your trademark. The key question is: Exactly when can you use trademark symbols? And what are the differences between the trademark symbols?

To find out when you can use the various trademark symbols on your product packaging, advertising materials, etc., keep reading this blog.

The Benefits of a Trademark Symbol

A trademark symbol can let people know that you are claiming ownership of the trademark. In other words, the trademark symbol is a visual cue to anyone who might be looking at your product, putting them on notice that you hold the trademark. For consumers, the symbol indicates that this particular product is associated with your brand, which can put the consumer at ease that what they are about to purchase is the right product. For competitors, the symbol tells them that this product is off limits if they are thinking about copying it and trying to pass it off as their own, an infringement that not only threatens to take away your customers but can also do serious damage to your brand integrity.

What Do the Trademark Symbols TM, SM, and ® Mean?

There are three different trademark symbols that are commonly used:

TM – This is short for “Trademark,” and it is typically used for goods.
SM – This is short for “Service Mark,” and it applies to services.
® – The R inside a circle signifies that a trademark has been federally registered.

Since you have common law trademark rights the moment you begin using your trademark, you also have a legal right to use the “TM” or “SM” symbols on your product packaging and in ads, depending on whether you want to indicate a trademark (TM) for goods or a service mark (SM) for services. It is only through official registration of your trademark, however, that you can legally use the trademark registration symbol ®.

Restrictions on Use of the Trademark Registration Symbol

It is important to understand that there are certain restrictions on use of the ® symbol, including the following:

The trademark registration symbol can only be used by an officially recognized trademark holder, which means that the mark must be registered with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). If your trademark application is still pending, you are not allowed to use the registration symbol.
The trademark registration symbol cannot be used for aspects of your brand that are not listed in the federal trademark register. In other words, the particular good or service must, in fact, be officially trademarked and viewable in the USPTO online database.
The trademark registration symbol must be placed near or around the word, slogan, logo, or design that is actually trademarked. It should be clear to the consumer which good or service has been registered.

Contact the California Trademark Attorneys at Tauler Smith LLP

If someone has infringed on your IP rights and you need to enforce a trademark or copyright, having an experienced California intellectual property lawyer on your side can make all the difference. The Los Angeles trademark lawyers at Tauler Smith LLP are here to help you. Call us anytime at 310-590-3927 or submit the contact form to schedule a consultation.

What Is Trade Dress?

December 22, 2021/in Intellectual Property /by taulersmith

If you are a business owner, you may know about the various options you have for protecting your intellectual property rights, such as trademark, copyright, and patent rights. Depending on the nature of your business, another IP right that you might possess is trade dress. What is trade dress? In the broadest terms, trade dress refers to the visual appearance of a product or service, or its packaging, that lets consumers know the product’s source.

To learn more about trade dress, including how it differs from trademark, keep reading this blog.

What Kind of Intellectual Property Right Is Trade Dress?

Trade dress is an intellectual property right that specifically applies to the promotional aspects of a product or service. For example, trade dress would protect the packaging of your product against infringement by a competitor, as long as your packaging is unique and can be clearly distinguished from other kinds of packaging. In addition to product packaging, examples of trade dress for a product might include a product display, or even the design of the product itself. For a service, trade dress can apply to the décor or interior design of a business location or space. (E.g., the look, feel, and ambience of a restaurant chain or theme park.)

Just as with trademark rights, trade dress that has been registered with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) can be protected in court by having an experienced California trade dress attorney file a Lanham Act claim. Trade dress is also similar to trademark in that there are common law trade dress rights: the use of a particular packaging design or logo is what creates trade dress, regardless of whether it is listed in the federal trademark register. If a competitor violates your trade dress by using packaging or other design aspects that might confuse consumers when it comes to the origin of the product, you may need to take legal action.

When Can Trade Dress Be Protected?

While trademark rights can be both common law and statutory, trade dress is typically a common law IP right. That’s because there are significant restrictions on the types of trade dress that may be recognized by the USPTO, and it can be extremely difficult to get your trade dress listed in the federal trademark register. One of the major advantages of receiving official trademark recognition from the USPTO is that the trademark will be enforceable in U.S. district court if you ever need to file a lawsuit against an infringing competitor, and the same is true for trade dress. That’s why, despite the potential difficulties in receiving approval, it may still be worth it to file a trade dress application with the USPTO.

In order to register your trade dress, certain conditions must be met:

The trade dress must be inherently distinctive, or it must have a secondary meaning.
The trade dress must be non-functional.

What Does “Inherently Distinctive” Mean?

An “inherently distinctive” trade dress is generally one that is novel, unusual, and largely inseparable from the product or service itself. In cases involving trade dress infringements, courts tend to issue more favorable rulings for plaintiffs looking to protect trade dress for services as opposed to products. The United States Supreme Court has ruled that the décor of a restaurant can be inherently distinctive in certain circumstances, whereas product designs alone cannot be inherently distinctive without having acquired uniqueness through advertising and consumer reaction.

If a product’s packaging is found to be similar to the packaging for other products on the market, this doesn’t necessarily doom a trade dress claim to failure. That’s because the plaintiff would still have an opportunity to show that, despite the similar packaging used by other brands, this particular brand’s packaging has acquired a “secondary meaning” among consumers who tend to associate the packaging, design, etc. exclusively with the one brand. For example, the design of the Coca-Cola bottle is shaped in a way that has come to be associated with the Coca-Cola brand. Even if other sodas or beverages use a similarly shaped bottle, consumers instantly connect this particular bottle’s shape to Coca-Cola. This is why Coca-Cola would have a viable claim if a competitor infringed on their trade dress.

Functional vs. Non-Functional Trade Dress

Since trade dress tends to focus more on a product’s packaging than on the actual product, courts have held that trade dress can only be protected legally when it involves visual qualities that are used to market a product or service. Although the Coca-Cola bottle is technically functional in that it contains the beverage being sold to consumers, that’s not the source of the company’s trade dress rights. Since a bottle with a different design and shape could serve the same function, it’s clear that the Coca-Cola bottle was designed primarily for advertising and promotional purposes. This non-functional aspect of the bottle’s design is why it can be afforded trade dress protection.

Contact the Los Angeles Trade Dress Attorneys at Tauler Smith LLP

Whether you’ve received a letter alleging a trade dress violation, or you’ve become aware that someone might be infringing on your trade dress, it is imperative that you speak with a knowledgeable intellectual property attorney as soon as possible. The Los Angeles trade dress lawyers at Tauler Smith LLP represent both plaintiffs and defendants in IP cases, and we are prepared to help you resolve your trade dress case.

To get started, call the Tauler Smith legal team at 310-590-3927 or fill out the online contact form.

BuzzFeed Article on Unruly Agency Intimidation

December 17, 2021/in Social Media Litigation /by taulersmith

BuzzFeed recently published an explosive article that provides information about the many allegations of unethical and illegal behavior by Los Angeles-based Unruly Agency. The talent agency has been accused of numerous transgressions: using deception to convince content creators to sign with Unruly, later threatening to sue clients for supposed contract breaches, taking control of clients’ personal bank accounts, and leaking nude photos of clients. All of this has left content creators who sign with Unruly feeling powerless and trapped.

BuzzFeed: Unruly Agency and Behave Agency Accused of Exploiting Online Content Creators

Unruly Agency is a major content marketing agency that represents a number of different influencers on OnlyFans and other social media platforms. Unruly also runs the Behave Agency, another online content management company with operations in Los Angeles. A large part of what Unruly and Behave do involves the day-to-day management of OnlyFans accounts belonging to content creators. This includes selling online content such as videos and photos, publicizing the creators’ work, and responding to messages sent by fans.

Given the staggering rise in the number of subscription-only platforms on the internet in the past few years, the market for online content creators has never been more competitive. Unruly has been able to capitalize on this by positioning itself as a reputable, reliable agency that is passionate about serving its clients. In fact, one of Unruly’s main selling points is that they can help content creators grow their brand by allowing them to reach a larger audience, which will translate into more followers and increased revenue.

For its story on Unruly, BuzzFeed News interviewed no fewer than 18 people and reviewed various documents reportedly showing that the talent agency was often misleading both clients and workers when it came to the details of contracts that were signed. At least two models who signed with Unruly said that company officials waived off their concerns about contract provisions by claiming that they were merely formalities. When the models attempted to get out of the contracts, however, those provisions were suddenly binding.

OnlyFans Models Hire Tauler Smith LLP for Legal Action Against Unruly Agency

Two former clients of Unruly recently enlisted the legal team at Tauler Smith LLP to represent them in civil suits against the talent agency. Both clients are young models whose lives were nearly ruined by Unruly. L.A. social media litigator Robert Tauler filed suit on behalf of the women in Los Angeles County Superior Court, seeking damages and injunctive relief.

Tauler called the typical Unruly contract “a Frankenstein of the worst provisions I’ve seen put together in one contract.” He said the contract is clearly unlawful, and that its main purpose appears to be to manipulate and gain leverage over the young women who make the mistake of signing with Unruly Agency.

Generally speaking, Unruly’s contracts are exploitative and grant the talent agency an unreasonable amount of control over clients’ personal lives. For example, several clients were locked into contracts with automatic renewal provisions. These legally questionable provisions basically forced the models to stay with the agency for at least three (3) years. Additionally, at least one contract used by Behave Agency gave the company authority to take out a life insurance policy on a client, as well as requiring the client to share private medical information with the agency.

OnlyFans Creators Say They Were Victims of Intimidation & Threats by Unruly Agency

One theme that runs throughout the many allegations made against Unruly Agency in the BuzzFeed article is that the company bullies and scares young female models, influencers, and online celebrities. Amia Miley, a former client of Unruly/Behave, said that many of the girls who sign with the agency are worried about retaliation, so they simply don’t say anything.

One OnlyFans model who did speak up said that the company pressured her to publish sexually explicit content on the internet even after she made it clear that she was not comfortable doing so. Remarkably, Unruly and its founders, Tara Niknejad and Nicky Gathrite, actually promote the agency as a strong advocate for female empowerment and women’s rights.

The young models interviewed by BuzzFeed News made several allegations of improper behavior and illegal conduct by Unruly Agency, including the following:

Unruly uses deceptive recruitment practices. One of the allegations against Unruly is that the talent agency uses misleading tactics and high-pressure sales pitches to convince content creators to sign long-term contracts.
The contracts signed by clients are unclear. The contracts that some clients signed allegedly included terms that conflicted with the terms discussed during contract negotiations with Unruly agents. For example, clients have reported specific details missing from the written contracts after Unruly had explicitly agreed to those details in conversations.
Unruly uses the threat of costly lawsuits to intimidate clients. Once an OnlyFans creator signs with Unruly, they are locked into what some are calling an exploitative contract. If the client later wants to opt out of the contract and leave the agency, they are reportedly threatened with a six-figure lawsuit that could cause financial ruin.
Unruly publishes nude images without consent. At least one OnlyFans model has accused Unruly of secretly taking nude photographs of her while she was changing clothes during a photo shoot. Moreover, the model says that the agency later released those nude images on social media without her knowledge or consent.
Unruly takes control of clients’ personal bank accounts. Multiple models said that Unruly switched out the banking information on their OnlyFans accounts, essentially replacing the client bank account with the agency’s bank account. As a result, Unruly initially gets all of the income generated on OnlyFans, and then the clients are entirely dependent on the talent agency to pay out any money earned. Additionally, at least one client said that the agency was repeatedly late when it came to making payments.

Unruly Agency Also Accused of Exploiting Workers and Committing Wage Theft

According to the BuzzFeed investigation of Unruly Agency’s business practices, the company’s exploitative tactics are not limited to just clients. A number of current and former workers for Unruly have accused the agency of violating California employment laws by misclassifying the employees as independent contractors so that they could illegally underpay them. At least six (6) workers are reportedly planning to file lawsuits against Unruly for wage theft.

Contact Los Angeles Social Media Lawyer Robert Tauler

Although the BuzzFeed article focuses on alleged abuses of power and unlawful conduct by Unruly Agency, it also serves to highlight a broader problem among many talent agencies in California that routinely take advantage of OnlyFans creators, Instagram models, and other social media influencers. If you are a content creator or influencer who has been exploited by a talent agency, Los Angeles social media litigator Robert Tauler and the Tauler Smith LLP legal team can help you. Call 310-590-3927 or submit the contact form.

Unruly Agency Accused of Exploiting OnlyFans Creators

December 16, 2021/in Press /by taulersmith

A growing chorus of clients and current and former workers at the social media management company Unruly say the agency has engaged in deceptive recruitment practices that locked them into agreements threatening six-figure penalties for contract breaches and handing over expansive control of their personal lives, while demanding work they hadn’t realized they’d signed up for and, in some cases, publishing nude images of them without their consent.

Read the full article on BuzzFeed.

Best Defenses to Trademark Infringement Claims

December 15, 2021/in Intellectual Property /by taulersmith

A trademark is supposed to provide protection against infringement by a company that misleadingly uses another company’s slogan, logo, or design to confuse consumers about a product’s origin. But it is sometimes the case that a trademark infringement claim is brought in bad faith by a plaintiff who either misunderstands the law or who is trying to make a quick buck. When this happens, it may be necessary to secure the services of an experienced California intellectual property lawyer who understands IP law and who can offer the best defenses to trademark infringement claims.

To learn more about strong defenses that may be raised in your trademark infringement case, keep reading this blog.

What Defenses Are Available in a Trademark Dispute?

A trademark dispute often arises when one company is accused of interfering with another company’s branding and marketing strategies. If you received notice that your company has infringed on someone else’s trademark, a knowledgeable Los Angeles trademark lawyer can help you explore your best options for contesting the claim.

Some of the most common trademark defenses include the following:

Non-Infringement: When a person or company sells or markets a product, good, or service that has a similar name, logo, or design to another product in the marketplace, it may constitute a violation of the other party’s exclusive trademark rights. If the other party has a registered trademark with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), that party may then seek to bring an end to the unauthorized use of the trademark by filing a lawsuit. But if the goods or services in dispute are not similar in such a way that they are likely to confuse the average consumer, then you may be able to defend yourself against a trademark infringement claim by asserting that there was no infringement at all.
Fair Use: If a competitor’s use of the mark is likely to cause confusion among consumers, then it could constitute trademark infringement. But there are still limits on exactly what kind of words or designs can be trademarked, and the trademark fair use defense establishes one of those limits. The more generalized or broad a particular use is, the less likely a court is to enforce the trademark. For example, a fruit company with a symbol or design incorporating a red apple may not be able to enforce its trademark, whereas a computer company logo incorporating a multi-colored apple with a piece missing from the side might constitute a violation of Apple’s trademark rights because it is likely to cause confusion between the brands. In other words, any use of a word or symbol that matches that word or symbol’s plain meaning may constitute a fair use, while other uses may not constitute a fair use.
Prior Use: “Prior use” is exactly what it sounds like. Basically, if you can show that you were using the trademark before the other party, then any subsequent use by them would be an infringement on your trademark rights. Since trademark rights are established by actual use, it won’t necessarily matter whether the other party had already registered their trademark.
Different Markets: Even if a particular product is only sold in one state, the product’s trademark is protected in every state across the country. If the products are sold exclusively in certain markets, however, then brand confusion may be unlikely, and the company might find it difficult to enforce the trademark in the other market.
Abandonment: Sometimes, the fact that a trademark was registered isn’t enough to protect it against use by another company. For example, if the trademark registrant has failed to use the trademark for a period of at least three (3) years, this may be considered “abandonment” of the trademark rights. That’s because trademark rights can only be enforced when the trademark is being actively used, and it won’t matter if the abandonment was unintentional. Additionally, a trademark registrant must also vigorously enforce their trademark or risk losing their trademark rights. (Along those same lines, if you are a trademark owner and you wish to protect your rights, you may need to file a trademark renewal application with the USPTO every 10 years.)

Contact the Los Angeles Trademark Lawyers at Tauler Smith LLP

If you’ve been served notice of a trademark violation lawsuit, the skilled Los Angeles trademark attorneys at Tauler Smith LLP can help you raise effective defenses against the infringement claim. Depending on the circumstances, it may be possible to avoid costly legal action by getting the case dismissed early in your favor, or by reaching an agreement with the plaintiff to drop their claim.

Call us today at 310-590-3927 or fill out the firm’s contact form.

Copyright vs. Trademark vs. Patent

October 4, 2021/in Intellectual Property /by taulersmith

“Intellectual property” covers a wide range of business assets, such as books, screenplays, photos, movies, computer software code, inventions, and formulas. Copyrights, trademarks, and patents are the main types of intellectual property. Federal law provides strong protections for the creators of original works, inventors, and licensors of IP rights, but the law is complex. In fact, people often confuse copyright, trademark, and patent because each kind of intellectual property protects creators or licensors against unauthorized use or infringement by others, but they do so in different ways. If you are involved in an intellectual property dispute, you need to have a solid understanding of what the law says with respect to copyright vs. trademark vs. patent.

To learn more about the differences between copyright law, trademark law, and patent law, keep reading this blog.

What’s the Difference Between Copyrights, Trademarks, and Patents?

Intellectual property can be an extremely valuable business asset. That’s why it is important that only the rightful owner of the asset’s IP rights be allowed to exploit the intellectual property for profit, whether that involves selling it or licensing it. The three most common tools used to protect the intellectual property rights of certain types of assets are:

Copyrights

As set forth in the Copyright Act of 1976, copyright protects original creative works like novels, songs, paintings, videos, photographs, drawings, clothing, jewelry, and even websites. Only the copyright holder may copy, sell, perform, or display the work for profit, or license the work to someone else for commercial reproduction, distribution, performance, or display.

When it comes to securing copyright ownership, the original creator of a work technically doesn’t need to do anything to acquire the copyright of that work. But there are a number of benefits only available to those who actually register their copyright with the U.S. Copyright Office. For example, if someone does infringe on your copyright, you will first need to file for copyright registration before you can bring a lawsuit in federal court to enforce your copyright. Additionally, copyright registration will probably make it easier for you to back up your case in court because there will be a public record of the copyright claim: all officially copyrighted works published after 1978 are deposited with the Copyright Office and entered into an online database.

Trademarks

While copyright applies to original works of authorship, a trademark covers unique words, phrases, slogans, symbols, and designs that can be used to identify a good, product, or service. A requirement for a company trademark is that the name or logo being trademarked should distinguish the product or service from any other products or services. For example, the product name for Coca-Cola is trademarked because it stands out from all other soft drinks on the market, and everyone who hears the name knows exactly what it refers to.

Just as with copyright law, a trademark does not actually have to be registered in order to get trademark ownership. Even without registering the trademark, you can still use common law to protect against trademark infringement by competitors who attempt to copy the look of your product and pass it off as their own. Just as with copyright law, however, official registration of your trademark comes with certain advantages, including the ability to file a lawsuit in federal court to enforce your trademark against unauthorized use.

To get trademark protection solely within your home state, or in the state where you conduct business, you must register with that particular state. To get federal trademark protection that crosses state boundaries, you must file a trademark registration application with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). Once you’ve registered your trademark, you will be allowed to use the registered trademark symbol (®). Otherwise, you are limited to the common law trademark symbol (™).

Patents

Generally speaking, patent law protects inventors by giving them the exclusive right to make, use, copy, or sell their inventions or discoveries, or to license their inventions to another person or entity. Obtaining a patent can be extremely difficult, and it often requires the assistance of an experienced intellectual property lawyer.

Unlike with copyrights and trademarks, the only way to avail yourself of patent protection is to apply for and be granted a patent by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), the same agency that handles trademark applications. Absent patent registration, the formula or process used in the invention may be considered a “trade secret.” The main advantage to obtaining a patent is that you can then sue anyone who infringes the patent by using or selling your invention without consent. But patent registration does come with a significant downside: you must publicly disclose the unique process or composition of your product. For certain companies that wish to maintain trade secrecy (e.g., pharmaceutical drug manufacturers), this can present a dilemma.

Contact the California Intellectual Property Lawyers at Tauler Smith LLP

If someone has infringed on your exclusive intellectual property rights, or if you have been accused of violating someone else’s intellectual property rights, your best move is to speak with a knowledgeable IP lawyer immediately. The California intellectual property attorneys at Tauler Smith LLP, with a main office in Los Angeles, are prepared to help you bolster your IP claim or build a strong defense against an accusation of copyright or trademark infringement. Call us now at 310-590-3927 or fill out the online contact form.

Determining Copyright Ownership

October 1, 2021/in Intellectual Property /by taulersmith

When it comes to determining copyright ownership, it helps to understand exactly what a copyright is and who can benefit from a copyright. Copyright is a form of intellectual property that provides the creators of original works of authorship with protection against infringement by competitors or anyone else who is not authorized to use, display, or present the work for profit. The general idea behind copyright protection is that painters, photographers, filmmakers, authors, and other artists will be motivated to continue producing if they know that no one else will be able to steal or otherwise misappropriate their work. Importantly, it is only the author of the work, or a person to whom the author has licensed their IP rights, who can legally claim copyright ownership.

To learn more about how to determine who owns a copyrighted work, keep reading this blog.

Who Owns the Copyright for a Creative Work Generally?

Copyright protection applies to most creative works, including films, book manuscripts, photographs, songs or sound recordings, and even computer software. If you have created one of these types of works, then it will typically be assumed that you are the person who holds the copyright. If you were not the author and you want to have the copyright assigned to you, it is best to do so in writing. That’s because mere possession of a work – even if it is the only copy of that work – is not the same as copyright ownership. In other words, if the author sells you the actual work (e.g., an original book manuscript), that might not be the same thing as selling you the work’s copyright ownership.

The bottom line is that, in the absence of a contract to transfer the copyright, the default rule will usually be that the copyright is owned by the work’s original author or creator.

Who Owns the Copyright for Joint Works?

A joint work is defined as an original work that was created by two or more people. Copyright disputes can arise when a work has more than one author because each of the authors is considered a co-owner of the copyright. This means that each author has the ability to license the copyright, as long as they share the licensing profits with the other copyright owners. It is also possible for joint authors to reach an agreement in advance of publication, or after the fact, to transfer sole ownership of the copyright to a single person.

Copyright Ownership of Works Made for Hire

In certain situations, it’s not the actual author of the work who gets copyright ownership but instead someone else who derives their intellectual property rights from the original author. For example, if the author was an employee who created a work for hire during the course of their job duties, then it is usually the employer who gets copyright ownership and who can profit off the work in the future.

Works Created by Employees

Section 101 of the United States Copyright Act addresses works made for hire. As set forth by the statute, a work that was prepared by an employee acting within the scope of their employment constitutes a work for hire.

Works Created by Non-Employees

What about works created by non-employees, such as independent contractors or freelancers? The federal copyright law stipulates that, in these situations, an employer may be the copyright holder of a work if that work was specifically commissioned for use in one of the following ways:

A contribution to a collective work.
Part of a film, video, or other audiovisual project.
A translation of another work.
A supplement to another work.
A compilation.
An instructional text.
A test or answers to a test.
An atlas.

Keep in mind that even if the work fits into one of the above categories, there should still be a signed agreement between the parties in order for ownership of the copyright to transfer from the original author to the company or other party. The presence, or absence, of a written contract stipulating that the work is, in fact, a work made for hire will go a long way toward determining copyright ownership.

Involved in a Copyright Dispute? Contact the Los Angeles Copyright Lawyers at Tauler Smith LLP

If you are involved in a copyright dispute, the Los Angeles copyright lawyers at Tauler Smith LLP can help you. Our legal team has experience representing clients in intellectual property cases involving copyright infringement, trademark infringement, and other IP claims. Call us now at 310-590-3927 or submit the online contact form.

What Are the Benefits of Copyright Registration?

September 29, 2021/in Intellectual Property /by taulersmith

Copyright protection is a vital part of ensuring that your creative work is not used or appropriated for profit by someone else without express authorization. In fact, one of the reasons that copyright laws exist in the first place is so that authors, musicians, painters, photographers, filmmakers, and others have a financial incentive to create original works of authorship, and so that they don’t have to worry about their hard work being stolen after the fact. One of the best ways to make sure that your work is granted copyright protection and is safeguarded against intellectual property theft is by registering your copyright with the U.S. Copyright Office. Although copyright registration is not technically a requirement for protection under federal copyright law, it is often a very good idea, and it also provides the copyright holder with many advantages.

What are the benefits of copyright registration? Keep reading to find out.

Filing for Copyright Protection with the U.S. Copyright Office

The primary function of the United States Copyright Office is to maintain all of the country’s records of copyright registration. When someone needs to determine whether a particular work has been formally copyrighted, they can search for the work’s chain of title in an online Copyright Catalog on the U.S. Copyright Office website. All copyrighted works published since 1978 are entered in the online database.

If you are the author or owner of a work, you can apply for copyright registration by filling out an application form (called a Certificate of Registration), paying a filing fee, and submitting a copy of the work that will be deposited with the Copyright Office and that will be viewable on the agency’s website. When you file your Certificate of Registration with the Copyright Office, you will need to include certain information on the form:

The title of the work for which you are seeking copyright protection.
Important dates, including the year in which the work was completed and the exact date on which the work was first published.
The country where the work was first published.
The name and address of the person or company who identifies as the copyright claimant.

The copyright application can be submitted online with the Copyright Office, or a paper application can be downloaded from the website and then mailed to the agency. You are allowed to do this at any point after creating the work. Additionally, if you register the copyright before the work has been published, you will not have to re-register the work after publication.

The Advantages of Copyright Registration

Although you can still receive copyright protection even if your original work is not officially registered with the U.S. Copyright Office, it is often a good idea to do so. Copyright registration can provide you with a number of important benefits, including the following:

You are required to register your work with the U.S. Copyright Office before you can bring a copyright lawsuit in federal court. However, you can do this at any time – even after you learn about the copyright infringement.
Copyright registration will create a public record of your copyright claim, which can be important later if there is ever a legal dispute about when the work was first created and by whom.
Early registration (typically within three months of the work first being published) can give you more options when seeking damages later in a copyright lawsuit. For a work that was already registered, you can pursue statutory damages and attorney’s fees if you win your legal action, in addition to actual monetary damages caused by any copyright infringement.
Later registration (within five years of the work’s publication) may create a presumption in your favor if the copyright is ever disputed through litigation. Basically, anything you stated on the Certificate of Registration will be assumed to be true.
Copyright registration will give you an additional tool if a copyright infringer ever attempts to import unauthorized copies of your work from foreign countries. You will need to provide a record of your registration to U.S. Customs and Border Protection.

Responding to Copyright Trolls

Registering your book, screenplay, film, photograph, song, or other work with the United States Copyright Office comes with a number of benefits. Regardless of whether your work is officially registered, however, you can still be targeted by copyright trolls who claim that you do not have a right to use the work. If you have received a copyright cease & desist letter or DMCA takedown notice, you need to speak with a copyright defense lawyer immediately.

Contact the L.A. Copyright Lawyers at Tauler Smith LLP Today

The legal team at Tauler Smith LLP includes Los Angeles IP attorneys who have experience responding to copyright demand letters and dealing with copyright trolls. You can call us anytime at 310-590-3927 to discuss your case. You can also submit the online contact form to schedule a consultation.

How Long Does Copyright Protection Last?

September 27, 2021/in Intellectual Property /by taulersmith

Copyright protection exists to ensure that the creators of original works of authorship, such as movies, photographs, and novels, are able to enjoy the fruits of their labor, so to speak. As set forth by U.S. copyright law, creative artists and authors are generally afforded the exclusive right to profit from their work for a certain period of time. The idea is that people will be motivated to create works that benefit society if they know that they, as well as their descendants, will be able to generate income from the creation, performance, and public display of those works in the future. But how long does copyright protection last? Keep reading this blog to find out.

The U.S. Copyright Act and the Length of Copyright Protection

While the U.S. Constitution gives Congress the power to pass laws that protect copyrights, it is the U.S. Copyright Act of 1976 that sets a time limit for federal copyright protection. According to the statute, the creators of original works of authorship can only have this protection for a certain amount of time before the works enter the public domain and can then be used by anyone. Until that happens, however, only the original author is allowed to sell copies of the work or display the work in public for a profit. When a copyright dispute arises, one of the first questions that almost always gets asked is this: is the work still subject to copyright protection, or has the copyright protection expired?

The precise duration of copyright protection depends on the answers to a number of other questions, including the following:

What type of creative work is it?
When was the work created?
Was the work published? If so, when was it first published?
Were there any copyright renewal procedures for the work that needed to be followed?
Were there multiple authors?
Was it a “work made for hire”?
Do we know the identity of the work’s author, or was the author anonymous?

Copyright Duration for Works Created After 1978

The default rule for any work created after January 1, 1978 is that copyright protection lasts for a period of either 70 years from the date on which the original author died. This is also the length of copyright protection for any work created prior to January 1, 1978, as long as that work was not published or registered until after 1978.

Additionally, the length of copyright can vary according to the answers to the questions listed above.

Type of Creative Work

The term of copyright protection follows the same rules for most types of creative works, including literary works, photographs, and films. However, there are some exceptions. For example, sound recordings were affected by the Music Modernization Act, which was signed into law in 2018. The legislation established date ranges (e.g., 1923-1946, 1947-1956, 1957-1972) with different durations for audio recordings and musical compositions.

Identity of Author

Anonymous works (as well as works where the author used a pseudonym) created after 1978 have a copyright duration of either 120 years from the date when the work was created or 95 years from the date when the work was initially published, whichever expires first. However, the default length of 70 years after the author’s death will apply if, at any point, the author’s identity is revealed through an official registration of the work with the U.S. Copyright Office.

Joint Works

When the work had multiple authors, the copyright lasts for the life of the last surviving author plus an additional 70 years after that author’s death.

Works Made for Hire

Works created by an employee during the course of their employment are subject to different copyright rules because it is the employer who is technically considered the legal author of the work for the purposes of federal copyright law. Works for hire have the same copyright duration as works created anonymously: either 95 years from the date of publication or 120 years from the date of creation.

Copyright Duration for Works Created and Published Before 1978

Things get more complicated for works that were created and published before 1978 because of subsequent intellectual property laws that allowed for automatic copyright renewal. Since these creative works already had federal copyright protection prior to 1978, they are generally subject to the U.S. Copyright Act of 1909 when it comes to calculating the length of copyright protection. The initial term of protection was 27 years from the date of first publication, with copyright protection able to be extended with renewals. These renewals became automatic with the passage of the U.S. Copyright Renewal Act of 1992.

Contact the California Copyright Lawyers at Tauler Smith LLP

Do you want to know how long the copyright will last on your creative work? Do you have another question about your intellectual property rights? The Los Angeles intellectual property attorneys at Tauler Smith LLP can assist you. You can call us anytime at 310-590-3927, or you can fill out the contact form here.

Responding to Copyright Cease and Desist Letters

September 25, 2021/in Intellectual Property /by taulersmith

One of the most common tactics used by copyright trolls is sending a cease and desist letter demanding that you stop using “their” intellectual property, as well as insisting that you owe them a substantial amount of money for any use that has already occurred. These letters are ostensibly supposed to put you on notice about a copyright violation, but they are often abused by individuals and companies who are simply looking to make a quick buck by threatening a frivolous copyright lawsuit. Responding to copyright cease and desist letters usually requires a solid understanding of intellectual property law, which is why it is imperative that you speak with an experienced California copyright lawyer before communicating with the other party in your copyright infringement case. An attorney can draft an effective response to the letter, as well as ensuring that you don’t make any damaging admissions that might be used against you later if the case goes to trial.

For more information about how to respond to copyright cease and desist letters, keep reading this blog.

What Does “Cease and Desist” Mean?

The legal definition of “cease and desist” is to prohibit a person, company, or other entity from starting and/or continuing a particular action. Basically, the sender of a cease and desist letter wants the recipient to stop doing something. In the context of a copyright infringement claim, the objective of a cease & desist letter is to get the alleged infringer to bring an end to their unlawful use of a copyrighted product or service. For example, if you are accused of publishing a photograph on your website or social media account without authorization to do so, the photograph’s copyright holder may send you a DMCA notice alleging that you violated the Digital Millennium Copyright Act and demanding that you take down the photo by a specified deadline. The letter might provide information about the sender’s copyright registration, as well as screenshots of the alleged unauthorized use by the recipient of the demand letter.

Most cease and desist letters include some kind of warning – either implied or explicit – of legal action if you fail to stop the conduct and/or refuse to compensate the original copyright holder for your use of their intellectual property. This last part is what a copyright troll is likely to focus on: getting paid a few thousand dollars. Moreover, since they are often represented by aggressive intellectual property attorneys, many copyright trolls are able to effectively use the threat of a lawsuit to get the recipient to settle the case quickly.

The Best Response to a Cease & Desist Letter Accusing You of Copyright Infringement

Since a cease and desist letter typically comes from an individual or company and it precedes litigation, its “demands” are more like “requests” that you are not legally required to respond to or comply with. Only when a court issues a cease and desist order that enjoins your use will you actually have to stop using the intellectual property. But a strong response to the cease & desist letter may be your safest course of action. The reality is that many copyright cease and desist letters are sent by copyright trolls attempting to intimidate and bully the recipient into paying the sender in order to avoid costly litigation. Even if you have a right to use the intellectual property, such as a fair use exception for non-commercial use of an image or video, the threat of legal action can make it difficult to fight back against a copyright troll with vast financial resources. That’s why your initial response to the cease and desist letter is so important: it may be your best chance to stop the IP litigation dead in its tracks and avoid the need for costly legal action.

The best answer to a cease and desist letter is usually one that convinces the other party to drop their claim. You may want to point out any facts favorable to your case, including any copyright exceptions that justify your IP use, statute of limitations issues, or the existence of a licensing agreement that allows for your use of the original work. Additionally, having your response drafted by an attorney will send a powerful message to the other party that you are not going to simply back down and pay them. If you respond to the letter on your own, and without the assistance of a qualified lawyer, you might not be taken seriously.

IP Licensing Agreements

In some copyright cases, the sender of a cease and desist letter is looking to enter into a licensing agreement where the recipient can avoid litigation by agreeing to pay a fee to the copyright owner for licensed use of the intellectual property. Depending on the circumstances, an intellectual property attorney may be able to assist with those licensing negotiations so that you can minimize liability and still retain your ability to use the image, video, or other type of intellectual property at issue.

Contact the Los Angeles Copyright Attorneys at Tauler Smith LLP

Whether you’ve received a cease and desist letter alleging copyright infringement, trademark infringement, patent infringement, or any other type of intellectual property violation, you need to speak with a qualified attorney immediately. The Los Angeles copyright lawyers at Tauler Smith LLP understand the nuances of IP law, and we have experience dealing with copyright trolls. We are prepared to help you draft a strong response to the copyright cease and desist letter.

Call the Tauler Smith legal team today at 310-590-3927 or submit the online contact form.

Archive for year: 2021